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    <title>Chillin' Polar - Inuit Environment</title>
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            <h1>Inuit Environment</h1>

            <p class="centeredImg">
                <img src="images/general/rjc_map.png" alt="Map of Inuit Cities" />
                <br />
                Map of Inuit Settlements
            </p>

            <h3>Settlements / Housing</h3>

            <ul>
                <li>
                    <p>
                        Inuit settlement range around the northern Artic regions of
                        Canada and Greenland.
                    </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                    <p>
                        In the past there have been settlements in the Yukon, especially
                        at Herschel Island after they crossed the Bering Land Bridge
                        during the Ice Age 35,000 to 22,000 BCE.
                    </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                    <p>
                        Traditional Inuit housing ranges from Igloo to animal skin tents
                        during the few months of the year when temperatures were above freezing.
                    </p>
                </li>
            </ul>

            <h3>Language Terms of the Region</h3>

            <ul>
                <li>
                    <p>
                        In Inuktitut, the language of the Inuit people, "Inuit" means
                        "the people".
                    </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                    <p>
                        The English word "Eskimo" is a Native American word which is widely
                        believed to mean "eater of raw meat."
                    </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                    <p>
                        While some Inuit consider the word Eskimo to be offensive,
                        many still use the word to describe themselves.
                    </p>
                </li>
            </ul>

            <h3>Travel</h3>

            <ul>
                <li>
                    <p>
                        Inuit ocean hunters used animal skin boats called <em>qajait</em> which
                        were extraordinarily buoyant. European travelers copied the
                        properties of the boats along with the name, thus the creation of
                        the <em>kayak</em>. Inuit also made <em>umiaq</em>, a larger version of the kayak.
                    </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                    <p>
                        Dog sleds were the primary means of land travel - in Inuktitut,
                        <em>qamutiit</em>, singular <em>qamutiq</em>. The husky dog breed comes from Inuit
                        breeding of dogs for transportation.
                    </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                    <p>
                        Inuit used the natural landscape to navigate on land. Where natural
                        landmarks were insufficient, the Inuit would erect an <em>inukshuk</em>, a
                        stone landmark used as a milestone or directional marker. These
                        stone markers were created in the figure of a man.
                    </p>
                </li>
            </ul>

            <p class="centeredImg">
                <img src="images/general/rjc_olympics.png" alt="Vancouver 2010 Logo" />
                <br />
                Inukshuk
            </p>

            <h3>Clothing</h3>

            <ul>
                <li>
                    <p>
                        The hoods of Inuit women's parkas - <em>amautiit</em> (singular <em>amauti</em>,
                        <em>amaut</em> or <em>amautik</em>) were made extra large to carry their children.
                        Mothers had to keep their offspring close to them to ward off
                        the harsh weather.
                    </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                    <p>
                        Boots (<em>kamik</em> or <em>mukluk</em>) could be made of caribou or
                        sealskin, and designs varied for men and women.
                    </p>
                </li>
            </ul>

            <h3>Oral Tradition Facts and Myths</h3>

            <ul>
                <li>
                    <p>
                        The Inuit have a tradition of taking vengeance others if they do
                        someone wrong, raiders in particular. Most of these tales are not
                        accurate accounts, but self serving myths.
                    </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                    <p>
                        Breaking Inuit law resulted in corporale punishment, as the tradition
                        of vengeance goes. The story of  Atanarjuat shows that "within a
                        community, punishments were meted out by community decision, or by
                        the elders, and a breach meant that the victim and his or her relatives
                        could seek out restitution or revenge."
                    </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                    <p>
                        While Martin Frobisher was searching for the Northwest Passage, a
                        sealane passing through North America from the Atlantic to the
                        Pacific. During his search several of his sailors became a part of
                        Inuit myth on Resolution Island. The Inuit helped Frobisher
                        continue his journey while one Inuit stayed on the ship to become
                        the first Inuk ever to visit Europe. The Inuit oral tradition, in
                        contrast, recounts the natives helping Frobisher's crewmen, who
                        believed they had been abandoned.
                    </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                    <p>
                        Moravian missionaries were the first European targets of Inuit
                        raids. After the missionaries realized that they could easily
                        provide the Inuit with the iron and basic materials. Trade and
                        contact became more peaceful.
                    </p>
                </li>
            </ul>

            <h3>Throat Singing</h3>

            <ul>
                <li>
                    <p>
                        Throat singing was a cultural form of artistic expression brought
                        from Asia by the Inuit. Priests originally deemed throat singing
                        illegal. As the ban was lifted 20 to 30 years ago, throat singing
                        has seen an influx in Inuit culture.
                    </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                    <p>
                        Throat singing is not actually singing it is more of a musical game.
                        One participant starts by singing a word which is then mimicked by
                        the other singer, almost like a game of "Simon says" creating a
                        rolling rhythm. The first one to laugh or run out of air is considered
                        the loser. There are many different ways to throat sing, as one
                        technique is not particularly correct.
                    </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                    <p>
                        There are a few followed guidelines on throat singing however, first
                        women are the only participants as historically females were the ones
                        to entertain their children and each other while the men were out hunting.
                        Normal vocal use can be intertwined with the use of the deeper diaphragm
                        sounds. An Inuit throat singer described the musical activity, "You are
                        using a lot of your muscles in your diaphragm for breathing in and
                        breathing out.  I have to find a space between sounds to breathe in."
                    </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                    <p>
                        Sounds and words with meaningless syllables are commonly used in the
                        songs. Inuit singers take create new words from ancestors, current
                        events, animal sounds, or just noises of everyday life.
                    </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                    <p>
                        Inuit throat singing develops a cultural identity among the youth. In
                        an era of globalization, the Inuit have been left to fend for themselves
                        dealing with integration and survival of their culture. Throat singing
                        allows the Inuit to connect with their own cultural past.
                    </p>
                </li>
            </ul>

            <p class="centeredImg">
                <img src="images/general/rjc_inuit.jpg" alt="Inuit Throat Singers" />
                <br />
                Inuit Throat Singers (source:
                <a href="http://www.mustrad.org.uk/graphics/inuit.jpg">
                    http://www.mustrad.org.uk/graphics/inuit.jpg
                </a>
                )
            </p>

            <h4>Resources Used</h4>

            <ul class="resources">
                <li>
                    <a href="http://www.mustrad.org.uk/articles/inuit.htm">
                        http://www.mustrad.org.uk/articles/inuit.htm
                    </a>
                </li>
                <li>
                    <a href="http://collections.ic.gc.ca/arctic/inuit/communit.htm">
                        http://collections.ic.gc.ca/arctic/inuit/communit.htm
                    </a>
                </li>
            </ul>

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