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            </p>

            <h3>Settlements</h3>

            <h3>Settlements / Housing</h3>

                        Canadian Inuit live primarily in

                        Inuit settlement range around the northern Artic regions of

                        a territory in Canada.

                        Canada and Greenland.

                        Crossed the Bering Land Bridge during the Ice Age 35,000 to 22,000 BCE.

                        during the Ice Age 35,000 to 22,000 BCE.

                        Inuit also lived in temporary shelters made from show in winter (the

                        Traditional Inuit housing ranges from Igloo to animal skin tents

                        during the few months of the year when temperatures were above freezing,

                        during the few months of the year when temperatures were above freezing.

                        In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a>,

                        In Inuktitut, the language of the Inuit people, "Inuit" means

                        the language of the Inuit people, "Inuit" means "the people".

                        "the people".

                        word "Eskimo" is a Native American word which is widely believed to

                        The English word "Eskimo" is a Native American word which is widely

                        mean "eater of raw meat," although this meaning is disputed.

                        believed to mean "eater of raw meat."

                        Many Inuit consider the word <em>Eskimo</em> offensive, but it is

                        While some Inuit consider the word Eskimo to be offensive,

                        still in general usage to refer to all Eskimo peoples.

                        many still use the word to describe themselves.

                        Sea animals were hunted from single-passenger, covered seal-skin

                        Inuit ocean hunters used animal skin boats called <em>qajait</em> which

                        and could easily be righted by a seated person, even if completely

                        were extraordinarily buoyant. European travelers copied the

                        overturned. Because of this property, the Inuit design was copied

                        properties of the boats along with the name, thus the creation of

                        them under the name kayak. Inuit also made umiaq - larger, open

                        the <em>kayak</em>. Inuit also made <em>umiaq</em>, a larger version of the kayak.

                        dog sleds</a> (in Inuktitut, <em>qamutiit</em>, singular <em>qamutiq</em>

                        Dog sleds were the primary means of land travel - in Inuktitut,

                        <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sled_dog">husky</a> dog breed

                        <em>qamutiit</em>, singular <em>qamutiq</em>. The husky dog breed comes from Inuit

                        comes from Inuit breeding of dogs for transportation.

                        breeding of dogs for transportation.

                        They used landmarks to navigate, and possessed a comprehensive

                        Inuit used the natural landscape to navigate on land. Where natural

                        toponymy</a>. Where natural landmarks were insufficient, the Inuit

                        landmarks were insufficient, the Inuit would erect an <em>inukshuk</em>, a

                        would erect an <em>inukshuk</em> (a stone landmark used as a

                        stone landmark used as a milestone or directional marker. These

                        milestone or directional marker, sometimes created in the appearance

                        stone markers were created in the figure of a man.

                        The hoods of Inuit women's parkas - <em>amautiit</em> (singular

                        The hoods of Inuit women's parkas - <em>amautiit</em> (singular <em>amauti</em>,

                        <em>amauti</em>, <em>amaut</em> or <em>amautik</em>) in Inuktitut -

                        <em>amaut</em> or <em>amautik</em>) were made extra large to carry their children.

                        were traditionally made extra large; to protect the baby from the

                        Mothers had to keep their offspring close to them to ward off

                        harsh wind when snuggled against the mother's back.

                        the harsh weather.

                        Boots (Inuktitut: <em>kamik</em> or <em>

                        Boots (<em>kamik</em> or <em>mukluk</em>) could be made of caribou or

                        could be made of caribou or sealskin, and designs varied for men

                        sealskin, and designs varied for men and women.

                        and fellow Inuit, and of taking vengeance on them in return.

                        The Inuit have a tradition of taking vengeance others if they do

                        Although these tales are generally regarded not as accurate

                        someone wrong, raiders in particular. Most of these tales are not

                        historical accounts but as self-serving myths - violence against

                        accurate accounts, but self serving myths.

                        another Inuit was routinely punished by murderous vengeance, as the

                        Breaking Inuit law resulted in corporale punishment, as the tradition

                        story of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atanarjuat">Atanarjuat</a>

                        of vengeance goes. The story of  Atanarjuat shows that "within a

                        shows. Within a community, punishments were meted out by community

                        community, punishments were meted out by community decision, or by

                        decision, or by the elders, and a breach meant that the victim and his

                        the elders, and a breach meant that the victim and his or her relatives

                        or her relatives could seek out restitution or revenge.

                        could seek out restitution or revenge."

                        Martin Frobisher, attempted to find the Northwest Passage. He

                        While Martin Frobisher was searching for the Northwest Passage, a

                        encountered Inuit on Resolution Island. Five sailors jumped ship and

                        sealane passing through North America from the Atlantic to the

                        became part of Inuit mythology. The homesick sailors tired of their

                        Pacific. During his search several of his sailors became a part of

                        adventure attempted to leave in a small vessel and vanished.

                        Inuit myth on Resolution Island. The Inuit helped Frobisher

                        Frobisher brought an unwilling Inuk to England, doubtless the first

                        continue his journey while one Inuit stayed on the ship to become

                        Inuk ever to visit Europe. The Inuit oral tradition, in contrast,

                        the first Inuk ever to visit Europe. The Inuit oral tradition, in

                        recounts the natives helping Frobisher's crewmen, who believed they

                        contrast, recounts the natives helping Frobisher's crewmen, who

                        had been abandoned.

                        believed they had been abandoned.

                        The Moravian missionaries could easily provide the Inuit with the iron

                        Moravian missionaries were the first European targets of Inuit

                        and basic materials they had been stealing from whaling outposts -

                        raids. After the missionaries realized that they could easily

                        value to the Inuit was enormous - and from then on contacts in

                        provide the Inuit with the iron and basic materials. Trade and

                        Labrador were far more peaceful.

                        contact became more peaceful.

            <h3>Inuit Throat Singing</h3>

            <h3>Throat Singing</h3>

                        This cultural form of artistic expressive came along with the Inuit

                        Throat singing was a cultural form of artistic expression brought

                        across the Bering Ice Bridge. Originally decreed illegal by priests,

                        from Asia by the Inuit. Priests originally deemed throat singing

                        throat singing has came back into the mainstream.

                        Throat singing is not actually singing it is more of a musical game.

                        Inuit throat-singing is done the following way: two women

                        There are a few followed guidelines on throat singing however, first

                        face each other; they may be standing or crouching down; one

                        women are the only participants as historically females were the ones

                        is leading, while the other responds; the leader produces a

                        to entertain their children and each other while the men were out hunting.

                        short rhythmic motif, that she repeats with a short silent gap

                        Normal vocal use can be intertwined with the use of the deeper diaphragm

                        in-between, while the other is rhythmically filling in the

                        sounds. An Inuit throat singer described the musical activity, "You are

                        motives.  The first to run out of breath or be unable to

                        using a lot of your muscles in your diaphragm for breathing in and

                        maintain the pace of the other singer will start to laugh or

                        breathing out.  I have to find a space between sounds to breathe in."

                        Words and meaningless syllables are used in the songs.  When

                        Sounds and words with meaningless syllables are commonly used in the

                        words are used, no particular poetical meaning or regular

                        songs. Inuit singers take create new words from ancestors, current

                        meaning are assigned to them.  These words can simply be

                        events, animal sounds, or just noises of everyday life.

                        names of ancestors, a word or name meaningful at the time the

                        Inuit throat singing develops a cultural identity among the youth. In

                        games are taking place, or other common words.  The meaningless

                        an era of globalization, the Inuit have been left to fend for themselves

                        syllables generally portray sounds of nature or cries of

                        dealing with integration and survival of their culture. Throat singing

                        animals or birds, or sounds of everyday life. 

                        allows the Inuit to connect with their own cultural past.

                <img src="images/general/rjc_map.png" alt="Map of Inuit Cities" />

                <img src="images/general/rjc_inuit.jpg" alt="Inuit Throat Singers" />

                Map of Inuit Settlements

                Inuit Throat Singers (source:

                <a href="http://collections.ic.gc.ca/arctic/inuit/communit.htm">

                <a href="http://www.mustrad.org.uk/graphics/inuit.jpg">

                    http://collections.ic.gc.ca/arctic/inuit/communit.htm

                    http://www.mustrad.org.uk/graphics/inuit.jpg