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            <ol>

                <li>

                    <p>Settlements</p>

                    <ul>

                        <li><p>

                            Canadian Inuit live primarily in

                            <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunavut">Nunavut</a>,

                            a territory in Canada.

                        </p></li>

                        <li><p>

                            There have been Inuit settlements in 

                            <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon">Yukon</a>, especially

                            at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herschel_Island">Herschel

                            Island</a>, but there are none at present.

                        </p></li>

                        <li><p>

                            Crossed the Bering Land Bridge during the Ice Age 35,000 to 22,000 BCE.

                        </p></li>

                        <li><p>

                            Inuit also lived in temporary shelters made from show in winter (the

                            famous <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igloo">Igloo</a>), and

                            during the few months of the year when temperatures were above freezing,

                            they lived in tents made of animal skins and bones.

                        </p></li>

                    </ul>

                </li>

                <li>

                    <p>Language Terms of the Region</p>

                    <ul>

                        <li><p>

                            In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a>,

                            the language of the Inuit people, "Inuit" means "the people".

                        </p></li>

                        <li><p>

                            The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Language">English</a>

                            word "Eskimo" is a Native American word which is widely believed to

                            mean "eater of raw meat," although this meaning is disputed.

                        </p></li>

                        <li><p>

                            Many Inuit consider the word <em>Eskimo</em> offensive, but it is

                            still in general usage to refer to all Eskimo peoples.

                        </p></li>

                    </ul>

                </li>

                <li>

                    <p>Travel</p>

                    <ul>

                        <li><p>

                            Sea animals were hunted from single-passenger, covered seal-skin

                            boats called <em>qajait</em> which were extraordinarily buoyant,

                            and could easily be righted by a seated person, even if completely

                            overturned. Because of this property, the Inuit design was copied

                            - along with the Inuit word - by Europeans who still make and use

                            them under the name kayak. Inuit also made umiaq - larger, open

                            boats made out of skins and bones for transporting people, goods and

                            dogs.

                        </p></li>

                        <li><p>

                            On land, the Inuit used <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_sled">

                            dog sleds</a> (in Inuktitut, <em>qamutiit</em>, singular <em>qamutiq</em>

                            ) for transportation. The

                            <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sled_dog">husky</a> dog breed

                            comes from Inuit breeding of dogs for transportation.

                        </p></li>

                        <li><p>

                            They used landmarks to navigate, and possessed a comprehensive

                            native system of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponymy">

                            toponymy</a>. Where natural landmarks were insufficient, the Inuit

                            would erect an <em>inukshuk</em> (a stone landmark used as a

                            milestone or directional marker, sometimes created in the appearance

                            of a man) to compensate.

                        </p></li>

                    </ul>

                    <p class="centeredImg">

                        <img src="images/general/rjc_olympics.png" alt="Vancouver 2010 Logo" />

                    </p>

                </li>

                <li>

                    <p>Clothing</p>

                    <ul>

                        <li><p>

                            The hoods of Inuit women's parkas - <em>amautiit</em> (singular

                            <em>amauti</em>, <em>amaut</em> or <em>amautik</em>) in Inuktitut -

                            were traditionally made extra large; to protect the baby from the

                            harsh wind when snuggled against the mother's back.

                        </p></li>

                        <li><p>

                            Boots (Inuktitut: <em>kamik</em> or <em>

                            <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukluk">mukluk</a></em>)

                            could be made of caribou or sealskin, and designs varied for men

                            and women.

                        </p></li>

                    </ul>

                </li>

                <li>

                    <p>Oral Tradition Facts and Myths</p>

                    <ul>

                        <li><p>

                            Nearly all Inuit cultures have oral traditions of raids by Indians

                            and fellow Inuit, and of taking vengeance on them in return.

                            Although these tales are generally regarded not as accurate

                            historical accounts but as self-serving myths - violence against

                            outsiders as justified revenge - it does make clear that there was a

                            history of hostile contact between Inuit and other cultures.

                        </p></li>

                        <li><p>

                            Even within an Inuit band, breaching traditional justice and wronging

                            another Inuit was routinely punished by murderous vengeance, as the

                            story of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atanarjuat">Atanarjuat</a>

                            shows. Within a community, punishments were meted out by community

                            decision, or by the elders, and a breach meant that the victim and his

                            or her relatives could seek out restitution or revenge.

                        </p></li>

                        <li><p>

                            Martin Frobisher, attempted to find the Northwest Passage. He

                            encountered Inuit on Resolution Island. Five sailors jumped ship and

                            became part of Inuit mythology. The homesick sailors tired of their

                            adventure attempted to leave in a small vessel and vanished.

                            Frobisher brought an unwilling Inuk to England, doubtless the first

                            Inuk ever to visit Europe. The Inuit oral tradition, in contrast,

                            recounts the natives helping Frobisher's crewmen, who believed they

                            had been abandoned.

                        </p></li>

                        <li>

                            <p>

                                The Moravian missionaries could easily provide the Inuit with the iron

                                and basic materials they had been stealing from whaling outposts -

                                materials whose real cost to Europeans was almost nothing, but whose

                                value to the Inuit was enormous - and from then on contacts in

                                Labrador were far more peaceful.

                            </p>

                            <ul>

                                <li><p>

                                    Inuit Throat Singing – This cultural form of artistic

                                    expressive came along with the Inuit across the Bering

                                    Ice Bridge. Originally decreed illegal by priests, throat

                                </p></li>

                                <li><p>

                                    Inuit throat-singing is done the following way: two women

                                    face each other; they may be standing or crouching down; one

                                    is leading, while the other responds; the leader produces a

                                    short rhythmic motif, that she repeats with a short silent gap

                                    in-between, while the other is rhythmically filling in the

                                    gaps.  The game is such that both singers try to show their

                                    vocal abilities in competition, by exchanging these vocal

                                    motives.  The first to run out of breath or be unable to

                                    maintain the pace of the other singer will start to laugh or

                                    simply stop and will thus loose the game.  It generally last

                                    between one and three minutes.  The winner is the singer who

                                    beats the largest number of people.

                                </p></li>

                                <li><p>

                                    Words and meaningless syllables are used in the songs.  When

                                    words are used, no particular poetical meaning or regular

                                    meaning are assigned to them.  These words can simply be

                                    names of ancestors, a word or name meaningful at the time the

                                    games are taking place, or other common words.  The meaningless

                                    syllables generally portray sounds of nature or cries of

                                    animals or birds, or sounds of everyday life. 

                                </p></li>

                            </ul>

                        </li>

                    </ul>

                </li>

            </ol>

            <p class="centeredImg">

                <img src="images/general/rjc_map.png" alt="Map of Inuit Cities" />

            </p>

            <p>

                The information on these communities courtesy of the NWT Data Book 1990, compiled by

                the Government of the Northwest Territories (published by Outcrop Ltd. Yellowknife,

                © April 1991).

            </p>

            <p>

                <a href="http://collections.ic.gc.ca/arctic/inuit/communit.htm">

                    http://collections.ic.gc.ca/arctic/inuit/communit.htm

                </a>

            </p>