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    <meta http-equiv="Content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" />
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    <title>Chillin' Polar - Inuit Environment</title>
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    <meta name="description" content="Description" />
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    <meta name="keywords" content="Keywords" />
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    <meta name="author" content="Ira W. Snyder" />
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    <style type="text/css" media="all">@import "css/master.css";</style>
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</head>
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<body>
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    <div id="wrapper">
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        <div id="header"></div>
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        <div id="menu" >
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            <ul>
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                <li><a href="index.html">Home</a></li>
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                <li><a href="ira.html">Religion</a></li>
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                <li><a href="susana.html">Language</a></li>
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                <li><a href="parham.html">Business Communication</a></li>
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                <li><a href="ryan.html">Environment</a></li>
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                <li><a href="maricela.html">Family Life</a></li>
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                <li><a href="matt.html">Social Norms</a></li>
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            </ul>
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        </div>
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        <div id="content" >
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            <h1>Inuit Environment</h1>
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            <p class="centeredImg">
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                <img src="images/general/rjc_map.png" alt="Map of Inuit Cities" />
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                <br />
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                Map of Inuit Settlements
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            </p>
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            <h3>Settlements / Housing</h3>
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            <ul>
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                <li>
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                    <p>
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                        Inuit settlement range around the northern Artic regions of
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                        Canada and Greenland.
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                    </p>
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                </li>
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                <li>
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                    <p>
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                        In the past there have been settlements in the Yukon, especially
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                        at Herschel Island after they crossed the Bering Land Bridge
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                        during the Ice Age 35,000 to 22,000 BCE.
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                    </p>
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                </li>
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                <li>
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                    <p>
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                        Traditional Inuit housing ranges from Igloo to animal skin tents
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                        during the few months of the year when temperatures were above freezing.
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                    </p>
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                </li>
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            </ul>
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            <h3>Language Terms of the Region</h3>
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            <ul>
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                <li>
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                    <p>
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                        In Inuktitut, the language of the Inuit people, "Inuit" means
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                        "the people".
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                    </p>
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                </li>
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                <li>
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                    <p>
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                        The English word "Eskimo" is a Native American word which is widely
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                        believed to mean "eater of raw meat."
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                    </p>
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                </li>
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                <li>
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                    <p>
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                        While some Inuit consider the word Eskimo to be offensive,
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                        many still use the word to describe themselves.
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                    </p>
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                </li>
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            </ul>
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            <h3>Travel</h3>
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            <ul>
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                <li>
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                    <p>
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                        Inuit ocean hunters used animal skin boats called <em>qajait</em> which
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                        were extraordinarily buoyant. European travelers copied the
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                        properties of the boats along with the name, thus the creation of
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                        the <em>kayak</em>. Inuit also made <em>umiaq</em>, a larger version of the kayak.
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                    </p>
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                </li>
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                <li>
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                    <p>
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                        Dog sleds were the primary means of land travel - in Inuktitut,
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                        <em>qamutiit</em>, singular <em>qamutiq</em>. The husky dog breed comes from Inuit
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                        breeding of dogs for transportation.
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                    </p>
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                </li>
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                <li>
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                    <p>
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                        Inuit used the natural landscape to navigate on land. Where natural
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                        landmarks were insufficient, the Inuit would erect an <em>inukshuk</em>, a
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                        stone landmark used as a milestone or directional marker. These
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                        stone markers were created in the figure of a man.
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                    </p>
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                </li>
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            </ul>
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            <p class="centeredImg">
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                <img src="images/general/rjc_olympics.png" alt="Vancouver 2010 Logo" />
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                <br />
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                Inukshuk
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            </p>
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            <h3>Clothing</h3>
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            <ul>
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                <li>
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                    <p>
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                        The hoods of Inuit women's parkas - <em>amautiit</em> (singular <em>amauti</em>,
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                        <em>amaut</em> or <em>amautik</em>) were made extra large to carry their children.
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                        Mothers had to keep their offspring close to them to ward off
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                        the harsh weather.
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                    </p>
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                </li>
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                <li>
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                    <p>
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                        Boots (<em>kamik</em> or <em>mukluk</em>) could be made of caribou or
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                        sealskin, and designs varied for men and women.
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                    </p>
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                </li>
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            </ul>
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            <h3>Oral Tradition Facts and Myths</h3>
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            <ul>
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                <li>
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                    <p>
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                        The Inuit have a tradition of taking vengeance others if they do
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                        someone wrong, raiders in particular. Most of these tales are not
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                        accurate accounts, but self serving myths.
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                    </p>
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                </li>
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                <li>
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                    <p>
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                        Breaking Inuit law resulted in corporale punishment, as the tradition
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                        of vengeance goes. The story of  Atanarjuat shows that "within a
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                        community, punishments were meted out by community decision, or by
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                        the elders, and a breach meant that the victim and his or her relatives
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                        could seek out restitution or revenge."
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                    </p>
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                </li>
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                <li>
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                    <p>
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                        While Martin Frobisher was searching for the Northwest Passage, a
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                        sealane passing through North America from the Atlantic to the
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                        Pacific. During his search several of his sailors became a part of
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                        Inuit myth on Resolution Island. The Inuit helped Frobisher
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                        continue his journey while one Inuit stayed on the ship to become
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                        the first Inuk ever to visit Europe. The Inuit oral tradition, in
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                        contrast, recounts the natives helping Frobisher's crewmen, who
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                        believed they had been abandoned.
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                    </p>
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                </li>
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                <li>
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                    <p>
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                        Moravian missionaries were the first European targets of Inuit
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                        raids. After the missionaries realized that they could easily
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                        provide the Inuit with the iron and basic materials. Trade and
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                        contact became more peaceful.
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                    </p>
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                </li>
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            </ul>
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            <h3>Throat Singing</h3>
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            <ul>
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                <li>
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                    <p>
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                        Throat singing was a cultural form of artistic expression brought
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                        from Asia by the Inuit. Priests originally deemed throat singing
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                        illegal. As the ban was lifted 20 to 30 years ago, throat singing
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                        has seen an influx in Inuit culture.
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                    </p>
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                </li>
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                <li>
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                    <p>
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                        Throat singing is not actually singing it is more of a musical game.
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                        One participant starts by singing a word which is then mimicked by
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                        the other singer, almost like a game of "Simon says" creating a
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                        rolling rhythm. The first one to laugh or run out of air is considered
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                        the loser. There are many different ways to throat sing, as one
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                        technique is not particularly correct.
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                    </p>
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                </li>
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                <li>
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                    <p>
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                        There are a few followed guidelines on throat singing however, first
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                        women are the only participants as historically females were the ones
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                        to entertain their children and each other while the men were out hunting.
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                        Normal vocal use can be intertwined with the use of the deeper diaphragm
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                        sounds. An Inuit throat singer described the musical activity, "You are
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                        using a lot of your muscles in your diaphragm for breathing in and
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                        breathing out.  I have to find a space between sounds to breathe in."
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                    </p>
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                </li>
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                <li>
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                    <p>
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                        Sounds and words with meaningless syllables are commonly used in the
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                        songs. Inuit singers take create new words from ancestors, current
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                        events, animal sounds, or just noises of everyday life.
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                    </p>
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                </li>
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                <li>
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                    <p>
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                        Inuit throat singing develops a cultural identity among the youth. In
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                        an era of globalization, the Inuit have been left to fend for themselves
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                        dealing with integration and survival of their culture. Throat singing
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                        allows the Inuit to connect with their own cultural past.
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                    </p>
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                </li>
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            </ul>
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            <p class="centeredImg">
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                <img src="images/general/rjc_inuit.jpg" alt="Inuit Throat Singers" />
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                <br />
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                Inuit Throat Singers (source:
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                <a href="http://www.mustrad.org.uk/graphics/inuit.jpg">
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                    http://www.mustrad.org.uk/graphics/inuit.jpg
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                </a>
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                )
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            </p>
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            <h4>Resources Used</h4>
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            <ul class="resources">
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                <li>
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                    <a href="http://www.mustrad.org.uk/articles/inuit.htm">
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                        http://www.mustrad.org.uk/articles/inuit.htm
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                    </a>
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                </li>
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                <li>
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                    <a href="http://collections.ic.gc.ca/arctic/inuit/communit.htm">
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                        http://collections.ic.gc.ca/arctic/inuit/communit.htm
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                    </a>
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                </li>
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            </ul>
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        </div>
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        <div id="footer" >
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            <div id="altnav">
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                <a href="index.html">Home</a> -
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                <a href="ira.html">Religion</a> -
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                <a href="susana.html">Language</a> -
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                <a href="parham.html">Business Communication</a>
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                <br />
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                <a href="ryan.html">Environment</a> -
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                <a href="maricela.html">Family Life</a> -
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                <a href="matt.html">Social Norms</a>
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            </div>
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            Website Design Copyright &copy; 2006, Ira W. Snyder <br />
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