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    <title>Chillin' Polar - Inuit Environment</title>
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    <meta name="author" content="Ira W. Snyder" />
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        <div id="header"></div>
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        <div id="menu" >
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            <ul>
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                <li><a href="index.html">Home</a></li>
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                <li><a href="ira.html">Religion</a></li>
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                <li><a href="susana.html">Language</a></li>
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                <li><a href="parham.html">Business Communication</a></li>
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                <li><a href="ryan.html">Environment</a></li>
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                <li><a href="maricela.html">Family Life</a></li>
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                <li><a href="matt.html">Social Norms</a></li>
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            </ul>
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        </div>
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        <div id="content" >
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            <h1>Inuit Environment</h1>
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            <h3>Settlements</h3>
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            <ul>
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                <li>
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                    <p>
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                        Canadian Inuit live primarily in
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                        <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunavut">Nunavut</a>,
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                        a territory in Canada.
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                    </p>
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                </li>
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                <li>
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                    <p>
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                        There have been Inuit settlements in
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                        <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon">Yukon</a>, especially
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                        at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herschel_Island">Herschel
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                        Island</a>, but there are none at present.
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                    </p>
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                </li>
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                <li>
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                    <p>
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                        Crossed the Bering Land Bridge during the Ice Age 35,000 to 22,000 BCE.
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                    </p>
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                </li>
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                <li>
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                    <p>
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                        Inuit also lived in temporary shelters made from show in winter (the
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                        famous <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igloo">Igloo</a>), and
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                        during the few months of the year when temperatures were above freezing,
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                        they lived in tents made of animal skins and bones.
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                    </p>
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                </li>
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            </ul>
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            <h3>Language Terms of the Region</h3>
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            <ul>
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                <li>
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                    <p>
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                        In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a>,
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                        the language of the Inuit people, "Inuit" means "the people".
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                    </p>
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                </li>
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                <li>
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                    <p>
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                        The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Language">English</a>
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                        word "Eskimo" is a Native American word which is widely believed to
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                        mean "eater of raw meat," although this meaning is disputed.
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                    </p>
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                </li>
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                <li>
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                    <p>
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                        Many Inuit consider the word <em>Eskimo</em> offensive, but it is
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                        still in general usage to refer to all Eskimo peoples.
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                    </p>
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                </li>
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            </ul>
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            <h3>Travel</h3>
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            <ul>
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                <li>
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                    <p>
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                        Sea animals were hunted from single-passenger, covered seal-skin
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                        boats called <em>qajait</em> which were extraordinarily buoyant,
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                        and could easily be righted by a seated person, even if completely
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                        overturned. Because of this property, the Inuit design was copied
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                        - along with the Inuit word - by Europeans who still make and use
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                        them under the name kayak. Inuit also made umiaq - larger, open
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                        boats made out of skins and bones for transporting people, goods and
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                        dogs.
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                    </p>
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                </li>
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                <li>
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                    <p>
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                        On land, the Inuit used <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_sled">
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                        dog sleds</a> (in Inuktitut, <em>qamutiit</em>, singular <em>qamutiq</em>
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                        ) for transportation. The
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                        <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sled_dog">husky</a> dog breed
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                        comes from Inuit breeding of dogs for transportation.
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                    </p>
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                </li>
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                <li>
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                    <p>
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                        They used landmarks to navigate, and possessed a comprehensive
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                        native system of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponymy">
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                        toponymy</a>. Where natural landmarks were insufficient, the Inuit
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                        would erect an <em>inukshuk</em> (a stone landmark used as a
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                        milestone or directional marker, sometimes created in the appearance
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                        of a man) to compensate.
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                    </p>
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                </li>
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            </ul>
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            <p class="centeredImg">
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                <img src="images/general/rjc_olympics.png" alt="Vancouver 2010 Logo" />
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                <br />
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                Inukshuk
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            </p>
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            <h3>Clothing</h3>
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            <ul>
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                <li>
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                    <p>
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                        The hoods of Inuit women's parkas - <em>amautiit</em> (singular
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                        <em>amauti</em>, <em>amaut</em> or <em>amautik</em>) in Inuktitut -
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                        were traditionally made extra large; to protect the baby from the
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                        harsh wind when snuggled against the mother's back.
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                    </p>
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                </li>
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                <li>
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                    <p>
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                        Boots (Inuktitut: <em>kamik</em> or <em>
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                        <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukluk">mukluk</a></em>)
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                        could be made of caribou or sealskin, and designs varied for men
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                        and women.
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                    </p>
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                </li>
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            </ul>
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            <h3>Oral Tradition Facts and Myths</h3>
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            <ul>
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                <li>
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                    <p>
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                        Nearly all Inuit cultures have oral traditions of raids by Indians
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                        and fellow Inuit, and of taking vengeance on them in return.
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                        Although these tales are generally regarded not as accurate
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                        historical accounts but as self-serving myths - violence against
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                        outsiders as justified revenge - it does make clear that there was a
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                        history of hostile contact between Inuit and other cultures.
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                    </p>
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                </li>
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                <li>
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                    <p>
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                        Even within an Inuit band, breaching traditional justice and wronging
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                        another Inuit was routinely punished by murderous vengeance, as the
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                        story of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atanarjuat">Atanarjuat</a>
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                        shows. Within a community, punishments were meted out by community
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                        decision, or by the elders, and a breach meant that the victim and his
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                        or her relatives could seek out restitution or revenge.
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                    </p>
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                </li>
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                <li>
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                    <p>
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                        Martin Frobisher, attempted to find the Northwest Passage. He
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                        encountered Inuit on Resolution Island. Five sailors jumped ship and
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                        became part of Inuit mythology. The homesick sailors tired of their
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                        adventure attempted to leave in a small vessel and vanished.
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                        Frobisher brought an unwilling Inuk to England, doubtless the first
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                        Inuk ever to visit Europe. The Inuit oral tradition, in contrast,
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                        recounts the natives helping Frobisher's crewmen, who believed they
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                        had been abandoned.
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                    </p>
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                </li>
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                <li>
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                    <p>
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                        The Moravian missionaries could easily provide the Inuit with the iron
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                        and basic materials they had been stealing from whaling outposts -
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                        materials whose real cost to Europeans was almost nothing, but whose
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                        value to the Inuit was enormous - and from then on contacts in
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                        Labrador were far more peaceful.
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                    </p>
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                </li>
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            </ul>
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            <h3>Inuit Throat Singing</h3>
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            <ul>
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                <li>
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                    <p>
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                        This cultural form of artistic expressive came along with the Inuit
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                        across the Bering Ice Bridge. Originally decreed illegal by priests,
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                        throat singing has came back into the mainstream.
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                    </p>
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                </li>
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                <li>
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                    <p>
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                        Inuit throat-singing is done the following way: two women
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                        face each other; they may be standing or crouching down; one
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                        is leading, while the other responds; the leader produces a
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                        short rhythmic motif, that she repeats with a short silent gap
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                        in-between, while the other is rhythmically filling in the
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                        gaps.  The game is such that both singers try to show their
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                        vocal abilities in competition, by exchanging these vocal
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                        motives.  The first to run out of breath or be unable to
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                        maintain the pace of the other singer will start to laugh or
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                        simply stop and will thus loose the game.  It generally last
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                        between one and three minutes.  The winner is the singer who
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                        beats the largest number of people.
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                    </p>
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                </li>
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                <li>
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                    <p>
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                        Words and meaningless syllables are used in the songs.  When
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                        words are used, no particular poetical meaning or regular
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                        meaning are assigned to them.  These words can simply be
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                        names of ancestors, a word or name meaningful at the time the
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                        games are taking place, or other common words.  The meaningless
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                        syllables generally portray sounds of nature or cries of
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                        animals or birds, or sounds of everyday life. 
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                    </p>
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                </li>
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            </ul>
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            <p class="centeredImg">
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                <img src="images/general/rjc_map.png" alt="Map of Inuit Cities" />
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                <br />
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                Map of Inuit Settlements
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            </p>
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            <p>
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                The information on these communities courtesy of the NWT Data Book 1990, compiled by
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                the Government of the Northwest Territories (published by Outcrop Ltd. Yellowknife,
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                &copy; April 1991).
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            </p>
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            <p>
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                <a href="http://collections.ic.gc.ca/arctic/inuit/communit.htm">
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                    http://collections.ic.gc.ca/arctic/inuit/communit.htm
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                </a>
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            </p>
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            Website Design Copyright &copy; 2006, Ira W. Snyder <br />
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